Đề có lẽ là "Tìm maxP" chứ nhỉ?

Vì a,b là các số thực dương nên:

\(P=\dfrac{ab}{a^2+2b^2}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{2b}{a}}\)

Ta có \(2b\ge ab+4\Rightarrow\dfrac{2b}{a}\ge b+\dfrac{4}{a}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ta có \(b+\dfrac{4}{a}\ge4\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2b}{a}\ge4\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{b}{a}-2\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}+1\right)\ge1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}-1\right)^2\ge1\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}-1\ge1\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{b}{a}\ge4\).

Đặt \(x=\dfrac{b}{a}\Rightarrow x\ge4\). Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{P}=2x+\dfrac{1}{x}=\left(\dfrac{x}{16}+\dfrac{1}{x}\right)+\dfrac{31x}{16}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{x}{16}.\dfrac{1}{x}}+\dfrac{15.4}{16}=\dfrac{33}{4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\dfrac{4}{33}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b}{a}=4\\2b=ab+4\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b=4\\a=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy \(MaxP=\dfrac{4}{33}\).

Áp dụng BĐT Mincopxki:

\(P\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2\left(a+b+c\right)^2}=\sqrt{3}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Lại có do \(a;b;c\ge0\) nên:

\(a^2+2b^2\le a^2+2\sqrt{2}ab+2b^2=\left(a+\sqrt{2}b\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{a^2+2b^2}\le a+\sqrt{2}b\)

Tương tự và cộng lại:

\(\Rightarrow P\le\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)\left(a+b+c\right)=\sqrt{2}+1\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra tại \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(1;0;0\right)\) và các hoán vị

\(a;b\ge0\Rightarrow ab\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+2b^2+2\sqrt{2}ab\ge a^2+2b^2\)

Theo đề ra, ta có:

\(a^2+b^2+c^2\)

\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(=a^3+b^3+c^3+a^2b+b^2c+c^2a+ab^2+bc^2+ca^2\)

Theo BĐT Cô-si:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^3+ab^2\ge2a^2b\\b^3+bc^2\ge2b^2c\\c^3+ca^2\ge2c^2a\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\left(a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\right)\)

Do vậy \(M\ge14\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)+\dfrac{3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)

Ta đặt \(a^2+b^2+c^2=k\)

Luôn có \(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2=1\)

Vì thế nên \(k\ge\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Khi đấy:

\(M\ge14k+\dfrac{3\left(1-k\right)}{2k}=\dfrac{k}{2}+\dfrac{27k}{2}+\dfrac{3}{2k}-\dfrac{3}{2}\ge\dfrac{1}{3}.\dfrac{1}{2}+2\sqrt{\dfrac{27k}{2}.\dfrac{3}{2k}}-\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{23}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow Min_M=\dfrac{23}{3}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\).

1) Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM - GM và bất đẳng thức Schwarz:

\(P=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{ab}}\ge\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{a+b}{2}}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+\dfrac{a+b}{2}}=\dfrac{8}{3a+b}\ge8\).

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = \(\dfrac{1}{4}\).

2.

\(4=a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2\Rightarrow a+b\le2\sqrt{2}\)

Đồng thời \(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge a^2+b^2\Rightarrow a+b\ge2\)

\(M\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4\left(a+b+2\right)}=\dfrac{x^2}{4\left(x+2\right)}\) (với \(x=a+b\Rightarrow2\le x\le2\sqrt{2}\) )

\(M\le\dfrac{x^2}{4\left(x+2\right)}-\sqrt{2}+1+\sqrt{2}-1\)

\(M\le\dfrac{\left(2\sqrt{2}-x\right)\left(x+4-2\sqrt{2}\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)}+\sqrt{2}-1\le\sqrt{2}-1\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=2\sqrt{2}\) hay \(a=b=\sqrt{2}\)

3. Chia 2 vế giả thiết cho \(x^2y^2\)

\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}-\dfrac{1}{xy}\ge\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow0\le\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\le4\)

\(A=\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}-\dfrac{1}{xy}\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2\le16\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(\dfrac{ab}{a+3b+2c}=\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)+\left(b+c\right)+2b}\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}+\dfrac{ab}{2b}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}+\dfrac{a}{2}\right)\)

Tương tự:

\(\dfrac{bc}{b+3c+2a}\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{2}\right)\)

\(\dfrac{ac}{c+3a+2b}\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{ac}{b+c}+\dfrac{ac}{a+b}+\dfrac{c}{2}\right)\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{bc+ac}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc+ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab+ac}{b+c}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\right)\)

\(P\le\dfrac{1}{9}.\left(a+b+c+\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Áp dụng Côsi: 

\(2.\frac{4}{3}.\sqrt{2a+bc}\le\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2+2a+bc\)

Tương tự: \(2.\frac{4}{3}\sqrt{2b+ca}\le\frac{16}{9}+2b+ca;2.\frac{4}{3}\sqrt{2c+ab}\le\frac{16}{9}+2c+ab\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{8}{3}Q\le\frac{16}{3}+2\left(a+b+c\right)+bc+ca+ab=\frac{28}{3}+ab+bc+ca\)

Ta có: \(3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+ab+bc+ca\)

\(\le2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+a^2+b^2+c^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2=4\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le\frac{4}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{8}{3}Q\le\frac{28}{3}+\frac{4}{3}=\frac{32}{3}\Rightarrow Q\le4\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(a=b=c=\frac{2}{3}\)

\(2ab+6bc+2ac=7abc\Rightarrow\dfrac{6}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}=7\)

Đặt \(\left(\dfrac{2}{a};\dfrac{1}{b};\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=\left(x;y;z\right)\Rightarrow3x+2y+2z=7\)

\(C=\dfrac{4}{\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}}+\dfrac{9}{\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{1}{c}}+\dfrac{4}{\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}}=\dfrac{4}{x+y}+\dfrac{9}{2x+z}+\dfrac{4}{y+z}\)

\(C\ge\dfrac{\left(2+3+2\right)^2}{x+y+2x+z+y+z}=\dfrac{49}{7}=7\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=1\) hay \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(2;1;1\right)\)

\(a^2+b⋮ab-1\Rightarrow b\left(a^2+b\right)-a\left(ab-1\right)⋮ab-1\)

\(\Rightarrow a+b^2⋮ab-1\)

Do đó, vai trò của a và b là hoàn toàn như nhau.

TH1: \(a=b\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2+a}{a^2-1}\in Z\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{a-1}\in Z\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{1}{a-1}\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrow a=2\Rightarrow a=b=2\)

TH2: \(b>a\Rightarrow b\ge a+1\)

Do \(a^2+b⋮ab-1\Rightarrow a^2+b\ge ab-1\) (nếu \(a< b\) ta sẽ xét với \(a+b^2⋮ab-1\) cho kết quả tương tự nên ko cần TH3 \(a>b\))

\(a^2-1+2\ge ab-b\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(a+1\right)+2\ge b\left(a-1\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-a-1\right)\le2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-a-1\right)=\left\{0;1;2\right\}\)

TH2.1: \(\left(a-1\right)\left(b-a-1\right)=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=1\\b=a+1\end{matrix}\right.\)

- Với \(a=1\Rightarrow\dfrac{b+1}{b-1}\in Z\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{2}{b-1}\in Z\Rightarrow b=\left\{2;3\right\}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(1;2\right);\left(1;3\right)\) (và 2 bộ hoán vị \(\left(2;1\right);\left(3;1\right)\) ứng với \(a>b\), lần sau sẽ hoán vị nghiệm luôn ko giải thích lại)

- Với \(b=a+1\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2+a+1}{a^2+a-1}\in Z\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{2}{a^2+a-1}\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+a-1=\left\{1;2\right\}\Rightarrow a=1\Rightarrow b=2\) giống như trên

TH2.2: \(\left(a-1\right)\left(b-a-1\right)=1\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-1=1\\b-a-1=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(2;4\right);\left(4;2\right)\) 

TH2.3: \(\left(a-1\right)\left(b-a-1\right)=2=2.1=1.2\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(3;5\right);\left(5;3\right);\left(2;5\right);\left(5;2\right)\)

Vậy các bộ số thỏa mãn là: \(\left(1;2\right);\left(2;1\right);\left(1;3\right);\left(3;1\right);\left(2;2\right);\left(2;5\right);\left(5;2\right);\left(3;5\right);\left(5;3\right)\)